What is Pahom's sister's name?

There is no mention of Pahom’s sister in the story. Pahom’s wife had an elder sister, who visited them in the countryside. Pahom’s wife and her elder sister were also not mentioned by their names. The elder sister boasted about the advantages of town life. She talked about how luxurious her life was and the good things they enjoyed in the city. Pahom’s wife defended her lifestyle by stating the advantages of living in the countryside. She claimed that life in the countryside was better compared to life in the city. She stated that life in town was filled with anxiety and temptation. Pahom supported his wife and claimed that access to more land was the only challenge for a peasant. He added that if they had enough land, he would not fear the devil. Unfortunately, the devil heard him boasting and embarked on a mission to destroy him.

How might the pigs' appearance at the end of the novel be symbolic?

In Chapter 10, Napoleon walks around Animal Farm carrying a whip and wearing a black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings. Napoleon's appearance is symbolic of his tyrannical rule and represents his proximity to the animal's original oppressor, Mr. Jones. The fact that Napoleon is wearing Mr. Jones' old clothes symbolically represents the way in which Napoleon treats the animals the same way Mr. Jones once did. Napoleon's whip is also a symbol of oppression and violence. Similar to Joseph Stalin's political purges, Napoleon violently executes animals who present a challenge to his authority. Napoleon's black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings are symbolic of his social status. In Victorian England, ratcatcher attire was worn by aristocrats who participated in fox hunts. Napoleon and the other pigs occupy the upper class and are part of the aristocracy on Animal Farm. Napoleon does not consider himself equal to the other animals and is essentially a megalomaniac who takes advantage of the socially lower ranked animals on the farm.

What social trends does Ray Bradbury observe and see as potential problems for society?

Based on Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury observes the increasing power of government is a societal problem. The government in the book cracks down on any dissent, or disagreement, and tries to prevent people from thinking about what their leaders are doing by encouraging people to immerse themselves in constant mindless entertainment, such as watching TV on all their walls. The government also bans books because reading might make people think. Bradbury identifies the mindlessness of modern society as a problem that can cause people to submit to dictatorial governments. In the society in Fahrenheit 451, firefighters burn books to ensure no one reads. It's a society in which everyone must conform to mindless activities or be killed summarily. People like Clarisse who are non-conformists are quickly eliminated. In the end, this society self-destructs when atomic bombs are dropped on it, and Bradbury suggests a new and more aware society might take its place. 

In which rhyme scheme is "Woman's Constancy" by John Donne written?

The rhyme scheme in John Donne's "Woman's Constancy" changes in the middle of the poem. The first two couplets rhyme (the lines ending with "day" and "say" and "vow and "now"). The rhyme scheme of the first four lines is a/a/b/b. The scheme then changes with the line that begins "We are not." There are no rhymes for the next six lines, so the rhyme scheme is c/d/e/f/g/h. Then, the line ending in "justify" (line 11) rhymes with line line 8, which ends with "untie," so this line can also be classified as "f." Starting in line 12, which begins with "For having," the poem returns to rhyming couplets, which end with "you," "true," "could," "would," "do," and "too." These last six lines have the rhyme scheme i/i/j/j/i/i, as "do" and "too" rhyme with "you" and "true." Therefore, the rhyme scheme for the whole poem is a/a/b/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/f/i/i/j/j/i/i. The disruption in the rhyme scheme is symbolic of the lovers' lack of constancy. 

What themes are in Act III, Scene 1, of Romeo and Juliet?

Pride and honor are two themes of this scene. Tybalt wishes to fight Romeo in order to salvage his family's honor, which he believes to have been impugned by Romeo's appearance at the Capulets' party the night before. His pride compels him to confront Romeo over this slight. When Romeo refuses to be baited by Tybalt's insults, Mercutio steps in to fight in his place as a result of Mercutio's own pride. He considers Romeo's refusal to defend himself as a "Dishonorable, vile submission." After Mercutio's death, Romeo feels his own "reputation [has been] stained / With Tybalt's slander" and fights him out of pride as well.

Justice is another theme of this scene. After Tybalt kills Mercutio, Romeo tells Tybalt, "Either thou or I, or both, must go with him," because someone must accompany his soul to heaven. Romeo thinks it is unfair that Mercutio, who had nothing to do with their quarrel, should be forced to die alone; it is only just that one or both of them die, too.  When the prince arrives, Benvolio argues that Tybalt's death at Romeo's hands was just because death would have been his punishment anyway for having killed Mercutio. In the interest of justice, then, the prince condemns Romeo to be banished, not killed.

What is the argument in The Semisovereign People by Schattsschneider?

In this book, written in 1960, Schattsschneider looks at the assumptions people have regarding the way a democracy works. He writes, "The unstated premise...is that the people really do decide what the government does on something like a day-to-day basis" (page 130). However, this definition of democracy ignores the role of the political parties and pressure groups in defining the scope and bias of the policies that are fought over in the public arena. 

The author defines the difference between party politics and pressure politics. In examining the differences, he states that party groups are large-scale organizations, while pressure groups are small-scale organizations. In looking at the scope and effect of pressure groups, he further suggests differentiating between private interests and public interests. He defines special interest groups as organized. He states that "the business or upper-class bias of the pressure system shows up everywhere" (page 31). For example, business people are four to five times more likely to write their representative in congress than are manual laborers (page 31). He concludes, "the pressure system has an upper-class bias" (page 32). People of lower socio-economic status (SES) are much less likely to take part in voluntary organizations that play a role in the pressure system.

As he writes, these data suggest that special interest groups are not a "universal form of political organization reflecting all interests" (page 34). Not everyone can take part in these groups because they're small by definition. Here is the crux of his argument: "The flaw in the pluralist heaven is that the heavenly chorus sings with a strong upper-crust accent" (page 35). This is the problem with a pluralist system--people of high SES are well represented in pressure groups, while other people are not. The idea that pressure politics reflects the interests of the entire community is false. However, public authorities play a role in moderating the power of the rich over the other members of society and do not merely allow more powerful pressure groups to win. 

75 ml of a solution of HNO3 (0.0125 M) are added to 130 ml of a solution of Be(OH)2 (0.0240 M). Calculate the ph of the final solution and the...

This is a classic acid/base chemistry question.  First let's find the total number of moles of protons and hydroxide ions that will be present in the reaction.  First, we multiply the molarity of HNO3 (nitric acid) by the volume:

(0.0125 moles / L) * 0.075 L = 0.0009375 moles of H+

Now let's do the same thing to find the moles of hydroxide (OH-) present.  Each mole of Be(OH)2 will produce 2 moles of OH- so we need to multiply by 2:

(0.0240 moles / L) * 0.130 L * 2 = 0.00624 moles of OH-

Since the H+ will react with OH- to produce H2O, we need to see which species in present in a greater amount.  There are more moles of hydroxide present than protons, so we can subtract the numbers to find out what the excess amount of hydroxide remaining is:

0.00624 - 0.0009375 = 0.0053025 moles of OH- remaining.

We can divide the moles of hydroxide by the total volume of solution present to find the concentration of hydroxide.  The total volume of the solution is 130 mL + 75 mL = 205 mL

0.0053025 moles / 205 mL = 0.0259 M

We can convert the molarity of hydroxide ions into a pOH value by taking the negative log of the concentration via the equation below:

pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(0.0259) = 1.59

Since pH + pOH = 14, that means that we subtract the pOH from 14 to find the pH:

pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 1.59 = 12.41

So the pH of the solution is 12.41.  The amount of a 0.075 M solution of HCl needed to add to neutralize the hydroxide is calculated below:

0.0053025 moles * (1 L / 0.075 moles) = 0.0707 L = 70.7 mL

So 70.7 mL of HCl solution would be required to neutralize the resulting solution.