Discuss the transition of an athlete from amateur to pro sports. Why is this an often difficult transition?

One reason why the transition between professional and athlete status is so challenging is because of the demands of "the next level."

When an athlete moves to a "professional" status, it represents the highest level in their craft.  All of their endeavors have led to this particular point.  The demands of the professional level of sports reflects this intensity with longer seasons. Even when they are not in competition, professional athletes are involved in training and detailed working on their craft.  With the emergence of analytic data, there is much more that athletes have to do in the offseason. Such demands involve examining prior performance over the season, dissecting bio-mechanical approaches to the game, and ensuring that they are buffering their own areas of slight and increasing awareness of their opposition.

When an athlete is a professional, they are competing against other professionals.  This is another reason why the demands of the professional level is so difficult. Athletes are no longer competing against "kids."  Rather, the competition at the professional level is grown men and women who view their job as the particular sport.  There is a greater focus and drive in professional athletes because they have made the sport their job. It is their only focus. It is far from a "game."  It is work.  Failure to be the best they can be means they lose their primary source of income.  This drive is another reason why the transition to the professional level of sports is challenging for amateur athletes. 

What the meaning of the "yellow wood" in Robert Frost's poem "The Road Not Taken"?

The “yellow wood” in Robert Frost’s poem “The Road Not Taken” provides details about its setting and tone. The setting for a number of Frost’s poems, including this one, is the state of New Hampshire. During the New England autumn, the leaves on the trees turn colors, including yellow. In this poem, the “yellow wood” speaks to the time of year and the type of day it is. The traveler comes upon the divergence in the path on an autumn morning when the golden sun is shining through the leaves. Some of the autumn leaves fell off the trees onto the paths below, which speaks to the movement of time.

And both that morning equally lay

In leaves no step had trodden black.

The color yellow is associated with thoughtfulness and intellect. The traveler’s decision weighs heavily upon him; he thinks deeply about which path to take.

Autumn symbolizes the passage of time as the year moves into its barren seasons. Although the traveler says he will keep the unclaimed path for another day, he seems to know he will not be back, and he will look upon the scene retrospectively. Those symbolic “yellow woods” will return to him in the autumn of his life—his golden years.

How does death affect population change?

Death in and of itself may or may not affect population change.  Population growth, loss, and stagnation are functions of tallying up births and deaths worldwide.  If we are inquiring about population change in a particular country or continent, then we must also include immigration and emigration in the calculation.  

If the number of births equals the number of deaths and there is no immigration or emigration, population remains the same.  If immigration and emigration are equal, the same is true.  Population increases when there is more birth than death and/or more immigration than emigration. 

Over the course of history, there have been many ebbs and flows in these factors.  For example, the bubonic plague is said to have wiped out approximately one third of the population of Europe. Smallpox was a major killer, too.  Cholera and Ebola are two other diseases that have the capability of reducing a population dramatically.  Some countries have very high infant mortality rates for a number of reasons, with not enough increase in births to compensate. But China was so concerned about its population growth that it instituted a "one child" policy for many years to suppress the birth rate.  Australia's population, aside from its aboriginal peoples, began with immigrants from Great Britain, as did enormous swathes of Canada. Today, we are witnessing mass migration from Africa and the Middle East because of war, hunger, and instability, mostly to Europe, but also to other parts of the world.  The population increases in some European countries is dramatic. 

So, we must remember that death alone is not responsible for population growth or reduction. It is a combination of factors, death, birth, and the movement of people.

What were Fox's beliefs?

John Fox or Foxe (ca. 1516 – 18 April 1587) was an English Protestant best known for The Actes and Monuments, a work normally known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs. Foxe began work on this study on the history of martyrdom in 1552. The first Latin edition appeared in 1554 and then Foxe began to revise it to include the English Protestant martyrs under Queen Mary, publishing the updated Latin version in 1559. Returning from exile on the Continent after the ascension of Queen Elizabeth, Foxe published the first English version of his work in 1563 with the English publisher John Day.

Foxe was educated at Oxford, completing a bachelor's degree in 1537 and a master's degree in 1543. He converted to Protestantism and resigned from his Oxford position in 1545. When Edward VI ascended to the throne and Protestantism became legal, Foxe was ordained by Ridley, but was forced to flee England when Mary became queen.

Foxe was a Protestant with Calvinist leanings, agreeing with Knox on many elements of theology and church polity. He was opposed to the wearing of "Romish rags" in the vestments controversy, and generally took a "low" view of clerical offices, emphasizing that there should simply be ministers of the Gospel acting as preachers and arguing against the "high" notions of apostolical succession and clerical hierarchies. 

Foxe is considered a Puritan, meaning that he emphasized predestination, the priesthood of all believers, and a strongly scriptural Christianity. He was strongly anti-Roman Catholic, and his martyrology emphasizes the abuses of power of the Roman Catholic Church, with explicit and gruesome descriptions of the tortures inflicted by the Roman hierarchy (including the Inquisition and Queen Mary) on those who challenged its power.

What are all of the quotes from Chapter 7 that Bruno's mother says in The Boy in the Striped Pajamas?

Bruno recalls telling a story about their old neighbor, Herr Roller, to his mother and sister.  Herr Roller was mad, and Bruno had often seen him arguing with himself in the streets.  Bruno's mother had told him that he "shouldn't laugh at Herr Roller."  She went on to recall the man from many years ago:

"[He] was a very lovely young man--I knew him when I was a little girl.  He was kind and thoughtful and could make his way around the dance floor like Fred Astaire.  But he suffered a terrible injury during the Great War, an injury to his head, and that's why he behaves as he does now.  It's nothing to laugh at.  You have no idea of what the young men went through back then.  Their suffering."

She also recalled how Herr Roller and her husband had fought in the trenches during the Great War.  She then told Bruno that war was "not a fit subject for conversation."

In the chapter, Bruno makes a tire swing.  He falls and gets slightly injured.  Pavel, a Jewish man who works in his house, tends to his wounds.  Bruno learns that Pavel used to be a doctor.  Bruno's mother arrives home.  She asks "what on earth happened to" her son.  Bruno explains and she orders him to go upstairs to his room.  As he goes up, Bruno overhears his mother thanking Pavel, and telling him how she will say that she cleaned her son's wounds.  Her words show a more human side.  She is grateful to Pavel for helping Bruno.  She is also nervous about what might happen if it were discovered that Pavel tended to Bruno.

Why are mesosomes attached to the nucleus in bacteria?

Without knowing more about your instructor's purpose for asking this, I have to assume that it's a bit of a trick question. Mesosomes are, by general consensus, not considered to be inherent bacterial cell structures, but rather artifacts of the visualization methods that humans apply those cells to in order to prepare them for observation via electron microscopy (the word "mesosome" doesn't even appear in any of my college-level biology textbooks written after 2005). Furthermore, bacteria don't have a nucleus, at least not in the way that term is traditionally described, so there's nothing for mesosomes to actually be attached to, according to the way this question is phrased. 

Some recent research suggests mesosomes may be involved in responses to cell injury or hydrogen peroxide synthesis, but research in this area is sparse, and acknowledges the lack of competing research linking mesosomes with their traditionally ascribed properties such as participation in respiration and cell division. 

Unless you're using an older textbook or your instructor has a specific set of material they're expecting you to use to answer this question, I would suggest you look through the sources I've listed below, and then consult with your instructor on whether or not this is a trick question.

Why do managers need to understand the people working in their organization?

Managers need to understand the people in their organizations because they have to be able to understand what their superiors want and get their subordinates to fulfill those desires. Neither is possible without an understanding of the people involved.

Managers, in a sense, serve as intermediaries between the upper echelons of a firm and its workers. They are in charge of getting the workers to perform the tasks the upper levels lay out. To do this well, they have to understand both groups of people in their organization. First, they have to understand the people above them in the hierarchy. They have to understand how those people think and what they expect from the rank-and-file workers. Secondly, managers have to understand those who work for them. They have to understand how to motivate their employees and how to get them to feel happy in their jobs. They have to be able to put their employees in situations that allow them to do their jobs as well as possible, thus pleasing the managers’ own bosses.

Because managers have to take orders from above and transmit them to people below, it is important for them to understand both their superiors and their subordinates.