Regarding Ghandi's philosophy of non-violence, fill in the two blanks and explain your word choices: "The reader will believe me when I say that I...

Ghandi was the leader of the Indian movement for independence from England. His philosophy was one of non-violence. Although it succeeded eventually, it was not always popular among Indians or immediately effective in its time. But history has raised Ghandi to an almost mythological plane, and his eventual success has inspired other movements, such as the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.

I think the point that Ghandi wants to make with the quotation you have provided is that non-violence is a choice based on his values and his sense of right and wrong, and also his belief in what will be successful. So for the first blank, I would use the word “necessity.”

Ghandi knows that protesters and revolutionaries have several strategies they can follow. Many successful revolutions throughout history have been violent and bloody. In his desire to avoid this bloodshed, he knew that he had a choice in his methods. It is also possible that, in this age of mass communication, Ghandi knew that his message would be spread quickly and thoroughly. Instead of taking months and years to let the world know what is going on, it can happen via radio and newspaper almost immediately. This makes non-violent means potentially more viable than they would have been previously. Since Ghandi is carefully considering what route to take, I would use the word “choice” in the second blank. That would create the following statement:

Gandhi says this to point out that his belief in non-violence isn't out of necessity, but out of choice.

In the novel Lord of the Flies, how does William Golding depict the idea that a just society requires strict enforcement of rules?

Throughout the novel, William Golding suggests that human beings, void of societal restrictions and regulations, will descend into savagery and succumb to their primitive instincts. The boys are abandoned on an uninhabited island and attempt to create a structured, civil society that will allow them to survive on the island until they are rescued. Unfortunately, Jack usurps power from Ralph and leads the majority of the boys on the island into barbarism by encouraging violence and manipulating their fears. One reason Ralph is unsuccessful as a leader is that he is unable to enforce rules effectively. Jack is quick to disobey the rules about the conch and suffers no consequences for his actions. Jack's followers witness their leader openly defy Ralph and realize that they can also disregard the rules of their "makeshift society." Without punishment or repercussions for their actions, the boys on the island freely engage in violent, immoral behavior, which results in the deaths of Simon and Piggy. The tragic events that transpire on the island are a microcosm of what would happen to civilized society if there were no rules or restrictions. One of Golding's messages is that a just society cannot function efficiently without strict enforcement of rules. Without strict enforcement of rules, individuals will freely engage in barbaric, savage behavior that will lead to utter chaos and anarchy.

In "Salvage the Bones" by Jesmyn Ward, why is the tenth day titled as "In the Endless Eye"?

The eye of the storm is actually the calmest part of a hurricane storm. Most of the heavy and tempestuous winds are deflected from the eye of the hurricane by the Coriolis Effect. The Coriolis Effect basically describes the deflection of air as it moves from high to low pressure in the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.

So, the tenth chapter of the book refers to the peace before the storm (or before Hurricane Katrina makes landfall). Since the eye of the storm is the calmest part of the hurricane, this chapter describes the surreal, peaceful moments before the hurricane makes land. In the chapter, some of the houses have been boarded up, and the families have left; only some families, like the Batiste family, are staying put. In the woods, no animals can be seen. There is at once a deadly calm to everything as well as a sense that powerful forces will soon bear down on the family.

The "endless eye" possibly refers to the endless wait (under falsely calm conditions) for the hurricane's arrival. In this chapter, the conflict between Manny and Esch foreshadow the fierceness of the approaching storm. While the family makes preparations for the storm, they are, figuratively, in the "eye of the storm," where everything is supposedly calm. However, the calm center is flanked by the gusty winds and copious raindrops that will soon batter the land as the hurricane hits.

In "A Painful Case," do you prefer to sympathize with Mr. Duffy or Mrs. Sinico?

While I feel incredibly sorry for Mrs. Sinico, it is actually Mr. Duffy who I find to be a more sympathetic figure because he must live with his terrible regret. He eventually realizes that the messiness and chaos of a romantic relationship would actually have made both his and Mrs. Sinico's lives worth living. It likely would have prevented her from turning to alcohol to dull her feelings and eventually taking her own life. Such a relationship, though it would have made Mr. Duffy emotionally vulnerable, the thing he seems to fear the most, would have prevented him from becoming an "outcast from life's feast." In the end, Mrs. Sinico at least tried to reach out to another human being; she tried to foster a connection and was rebuffed. Although this would be painful, I would imagine it is far more painful never to have tried to experience this kind of connection with another human, only to realize one's choices have rendered one completely and totally alone in the world. Mr. Duffy is alone, and he has only himself to blame, and this—to me—makes him even more sympathetic than her.

What quotes from "The Second Coming" suggest that Yeats wants to prevent change?

There aren't really any quotes in "The Second Coming" in which Yeats directly says he wants to prevent change. However, the poem seems to fear coming change in general and so, while it would be difficult to say that Yeats definitely wants to prevent change, one could say that the entirety of the poem is apprehensive of change. 

"The Second Coming" was written during a time of great turmoil. The first World War had just ended, and Yeats' native Ireland was in the midst of a gritty war for independence from Great Britain. As such, it's easy to understand why Yeats' general outlook was gloomy and why the poet chose to write a poem as pessimistic as "The Second Coming." Indeed, the poem's most famous line ("Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold" [3]) seems to predict an apocalyptic downfall and the collapse of society. As such, though one cannot say that Yeats is directly trying to prevent change, one could say that "The Second Coming" is a depiction of a tumultuous time and a representation of a narrative voice that fears for the future that societal changes will bring. 

How does Shakespeare introduce the characters Antonio and Bassanio in the beginning of the first act of the Merchant of Venice, and in what ways...

Antonio and Bassanio are kinsmen and close friends, who engage in revelry with others such as Salerio, Solanio and Gratiano. In the first scene of Act I, Bassanio asks a favor of Antonio and confides in his friend.

Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice opens with Antonio talking with two friends, Salerio and Solanio. He mentions that he is overcome with a certain melancholy for which he can find no source. The other men suggest that he is anxious about his merchant ships that are at sea; furthermore, in an effort to empathize, Solanio tells Antonio that he used to worry constantly when his ships were at sea with cargo. But, Antonio declares that it is not anxiety for his ships that disturbs him. His description of his feelings are those of melancholy; it is as though Antonio has a presentiment.

I hold the world but as the world, Gratiano--
A stage where every man must play a part,
And mine, a sad one. (1.1.76-78)

Gratiano cautions Antonio to not cultivate melancholy in order to gain a reputation for silent wisdom:

Fish not with this melancholy bait
For this fool gudgeon, this opinion. (1.1.101-102) 

Shortly after this, Bassanio enters and jests about Gratiano, declaring that he speaks "an infinite deal of nothing" (1.1.114). Antonio asks Bassanio about his secret lady for whom Bassanio "swore a secret pilgrimage." Bassanio, then, tells Antonio that he is in debt, even as he knows that he owes Antonio money still. But, he has an idea of how he can repay his debts to Antonio, who bids him to speak, 

Then do but say to me what I should do

That in your knowledge may by me be done,

And I am pressed unto it. Therefore speak. (1.1.160-163)

Bassanio then tells his friend about the lovely and wealthy Portia. But, he has learned that she has many men who would like to marry her. So, if Antonio can provide Bassanio with some money, he can compete against these rivals. Antonio tells Bassanio that he will try to get credit and help him.

As it turns out, the only way that Antonio can obtain money is by going to the usurer, Shylock. He borrows three thousand ducats with the condition that if the debt is not repaid, Shylock can extract a pound of flesh from Antonio, who gambles on his ships' successful return so that he can repay the loan. 

Bassanio, who is now fortified against his rivals, goes to Belmont to try to win Portia for his wife. As Bassanio tries to decide which casket to choose so that he can marry Portia, Antonio receives word that his ships have been lost. Learning of Antonio's loss, Shylock, who hates him as a rival money-lender, is eager to collect on his loan. In the meantime, Bassanio receives word of his friend's misfortune; his marriage celebration is halted; and he hurries to help Antonio because his new wife has offered to pay Shylock much more than the original debt. Secretly, Portia and her friend Jessica disguise themselves as the doctor of law, to whom the Duke of Venice has petitioned, and his clerk.

After arriving in the Duke's court, as the doctor of law, Portia reads the contract between Antonio and Shylock and finds it binding. However, there is no provision for Shylock to spill any of Antonio's blood in taking the pound of flesh. Therefore, the payment of a pound of flesh cannot be extracted, and Shylock loses his case.

In the end, Bassanio's tale in Act I about his shooting the second arrow and watching it carefully in order to find the first arrow proves valid as a figurative act, both for his borrowing of money from Antonio and for the rescue of Antonio from losing a pound of flesh. 

Relating to the documentary Crude, what is the general role the epidemiologist would serve in this situation? What task related to environmental...

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has a clear definition of the general role of an epidemiologist, i.e., what an epidemiologist does. An epidemiologist uses a scientific, data-driven methodology to find the extent and causes of "health outcomes and diseases in populations." They identify the distribution of outcomes (where and how often people are affected) and the causes and risk factors for health outcomes in a defined population.

CDC: Epidemiology is the method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations. In epidemiology, the patient is the community and individuals are viewed collectively. By definition, epidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic, and data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global). It is also the application of this study to the control of health problems (Source: Principles of Epidemiology, 3rd Edition).

In the Ecuadorean Amazon rain forest situation related to the dumping of crude oil production waste and to oil spills from production, an epidemiologist would use the scientific collection of data in the jungle and along Amazon rivers and streams--such as the Aguarico River and its streams--to identify the origin, causes and risk factors for health outcomes (e.g., cancers, skin rashes, sudden deaths) in the population affected, then suggest courses of action to prevent the continuation and spread of the outcomes.

The epidemiologist's task related to environmental health issues as seen in the film is to use the epidemiological method, defined above, to identify what the population is sick with (e.g., what type of skin rash) and to trace where the exposure came from and, importantly for the Ecuadorian lawsuit, when the exposure occurred. An epidemiologist's investigative analysis would address the defendant's counter-argument that the health issues originated as a result of oil spills occurring after PetroEcuador took over operations. For instance, the epidemiologist would take core samples and water samples--just as the court appointed independent expert did--to identify the contaminants present and when they first came to be present. The epidemiologist would trace connections between contaminants and health issues.

Like investigators at the scene of a crime, disease detectives begin by looking for clues. They systematically gather information, asking questions such as:

    Who is sick?
    What are their symptoms?
    When did they get sick?
    Where could they have been exposed?

Using statistical analysis, epidemiologists study answers to these questions to find out how a particular health problem was introduced. (CDC)

In Orwell's Animal Farm, how does Napoleon make Snowball into an enemy of the animals?

Napoleon drives Snowball from the farm when the latter is at the height of his popularity and power. He perceives that Snowball is a rival, and wants him out of the way, so he begins to have the sheep bleat "four legs good, two legs bad" in the middle of his speeches, and eventually, when the issue of building the windmill was about to come to a vote (Snowball being its main proponent), Napoleon used the attack dogs he had raised to chase Snowball away. 

Once Snowball is gone, we see how Napoleon is able to use the power of propaganda to essentially paint Snowball as the enemy of Animal Farm. Squealer, his propaganda minister, is instrumental in this. He claims that Snowball had been a traitor to Animal Farm all along and that Napoleon had only pretended to oppose the windmill (which, with Snowball gone, he claims as his idea) in order to expose Snowball as a negative influence on the farm. Before long, Squealer blames Snowball for everything that goes wrong on the farm. When the windmill blows down, it is claimed that Snowball was somehow responsible. Soon the animals make themselves believe that Snowball is sneaking on the farm to sabotage it. Napoleon's bloody purges in Chapter Seven are ostensibly because some of the animals have been declared (some even declare themselves) in league with Snowball. 

In short, Napoleon uses the supposed threat that Snowball poses to add to his own powers by creating a sense of constant emergency. Snowball does not really pose such a threat, and we can see as readers that Napoleon is completely fabricating Snowball's treachery. But he manages to make the animals hate his former comrade through the skillful and devious use of propaganda.

What is the chemical equation for: hot iron reacts with hot steam to form iron(II,III) oxide and hydrogen gas is released?

Iron(II,III) oxide has the formula  `Fe_3O_4,` and water steam has the same formula as water, `H_2O.` Therefore the unbalanced equation has the form

`Fe + H_2O =Fe_3O_4 + H_2.`

To balance this equation, first look at  `Fe:` one at the left and `3` at the right. So give `Fe` at the left the coefficient `3.` It becomes

`3Fe + H_2O = Fe_3O_4 + H_2.`

Then count oxygen `O:` `1` at the left side and `4` at the right side. Thus give `H_2O` at the left the coefficient `4:`

`3Fe + 4H_2O = Fe_3O_4 + H_2.`

And finally take into account hydrogen `H:` `8` at the left, `2` at the right. So it is enough to give the coefficient `4` to `H_2:`

`3Fe + 4H_2O = Fe_3O_4 + 4H_2.`

Now the equation is balanced.

What was Florence’s life like when she was growing up in Seedfolks?

Florence grew up near the Gunnison River in the Colorado country. She mentions that she and her family were the only black people in the entire county and that her father referred to them as seedfolks. Florence comments that she misses "country things" like the smell of the hayfield and picking beans off of the vine. Although Florence does not elaborate on her childhood in the country, the reader can assume that Florence's youth was full of gardening, playing outside, and working with her hands. Florence goes on to lament about not being able to participate in gardening because of her arthritis. When speaking about the community garden on Gibb Street, Florence says, "I had to settle for being a watcher" (Fleischman 84). Florence also mentions that her grandmother used to tell her not to be solitary or idle. The reader can surmise that Florence was also busy as a child and constantly engaged in some sort of activity. Florence's childhood was active, and she spent it in the Colorado country surrounded by her loving family. 

Is uracil a purine or a pyrimidine?

DNA and RNA are both known as nucleic acids. They are involved in allowing organisms to reproduce necessary components to stay alive and to pass on genetic information to the next generation.

Nucleic acids are polymers consisting of nucleotide sub-units.  A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar and one or more phosphate groups. 

Nitrogenous bases consist of carbon rings. One type is called a pyrimidine. The other type is called a purine. Uracil, a nitrogenous base found in RNA, is a pyrimidine. Two other pyrimidines are cytosine and thymine. Thymine is only found in DNA. 

A pyrimidine contains a six-member ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. To contrast this, a purine consists of a six-member carbon ring which is attached to a five-member ring. They can be distinguished easily in a diagram from each other. The two purines are adenine and guanine.

I have attached a link with a diagram showing a pyrimidine and a purine to help visualize their differences.

What problems did Helen have at the Cambridge School for Young Ladies, with her tutor, and at Radcliff in The Story of My Life?

Since Helen Keller was blind and deaf, a regular formal education was a challenge.  She had been taught from a young age by Anne Sullivan, one on one and usually in the garden.  This education included sign language and Braille.  She even learned how to speak, but she could not hear. 

Helen’s problems with preparing for and going to college were that most books were not available in Braille, and she had trouble during lectures because Anne Sullivan had to spell the lecture into her hand.

Miss Sullivan could not spell out in my hand all that the books required, and it was very difficult to have textbooks embossed in time to be of use to me, although my friends in London and Philadelphia were willing to hasten the work. For a while, indeed, I had to copy my Latin in braille, so that I could recite with the other girls. (Ch. 28)

Helen Keller says that Anne Sullivan had “infinite patience” in providing accommodations for all of her lessons, and she prepared for college.  Some of her teachers even tried to learn the finger spelling so they could teach Helen directly, although Helen described them as “slow and inadequate.”  Nonetheless, Helen learned, and enjoyed being around girls her own age for the first time.

Although Helen makes progress, it is slower than expected.  Her teachers feel she is pushing too hard, and she is also getting sick.  As a result, her parents withdraw her and her sister from the school and hire a tutor, Mr. Keith. 

Helen found working with a tutor much easier and less stressful.

I found it much easier and pleasanter to be taught by myself than to receive instruction in class. There was no hurry, no confusion. My tutor had plenty of time to explain what I did not understand, so I got on faster and did better work than I ever did in school. (Ch. 29)

During the examination for Radcliffe College, they ran into a difficulty because the college examiners would not allow Anne Sullivan to read the questions to Helen.  The Perkins Institution for the Blind copied them into Braille for her.  This caused some problems, especially when it came to the differences between English Braille and American Braille.

At Radcliffe, Helen Keller had many of the same issues.  Textbooks were not available in Braille for the subjects she needed, and lectures and books had to be spelled to her.  She also felt that some of the joy of learning was sapped out.  Still, she perservered.

In Maniac Magee by Jerry Spinelli, what are three effects Maniac Magee has on the Beale household?

Amanda loses her bedroom, Hester and Lester are better behaved, and Maniac helps with the chores.

Maniac becomes a part of the Beale family.  He reads to Hester and Lester, who love having an older boy in the house. Maniac is a role model. 

He was there when Hester and Lester came screaming down the stairs with a book, Amanda screaming even louder after them, the kids shoving the book and themselves onto Maniac's lap, Amanda finally calming down because they didn't want to crayon the book, they only wanted Maniac to read. (Ch. 13) 

Hester and Lester soon lose interest in “crayoning everything in sight,” as a matter of fact.  Amanda even starts to leave her books at home during the day. 

Maniac also takes over Amanda’s room, and Amanda moves in with them, but they do not mind at all.  They get to sleep in the bed with Amanda.  You would think that she would mind, but this seems to be the time that Amanda actually likes her younger siblings.  She enjoys sharing her room with them. 

Maniac fits in as if he belongs at the Beale house and has always been there.  He also does chores, including taking out the trash and mowing the grass.  He is very neat.  His room is clean, and he puts the cap on the toothpaste tube.

He played with the little ones and read them stories and taught them things. He took Bow Wow out for runs and he did the dishes without anybody asking. (Which made Amanda feel guilty, so she started to dry.) (Ch. 14) 

Maniac unties Hester and Lester’s shoelaces, which are always in knots.  He also is able to get them to take a bath without Amanda.  They generally become much more manageable with this heroic older brother figure in the house.

In the poem "Where the Mind Is Without Fear," what is the explanation of the lines "Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way / Into...

In "Where the Mind is Without Fear," Tagore hopes people will take an active role in making decisions that define the world and their place in it.

The vision that Tagore reveals in "Where the Mind is Without Fear" is steeped in contrasts.  His fears counter his hopes.  For example, when he wishes to see that "the clear stream of reason has not lost its way," it reflects how he wants people to make informed and substantive decisions. Tagore envisions the "clear stream of reason" as people caring about what affects them.  He wants people to use their voice to take action.  This image is contrasted with the "dreary desert sand of dead habit." Tagore sees the informed and active way that people can make their decisions as the opposite of simply conforming to external standards. We can see this in Tagore's use of "dead habit." For Tagore, when people passively make decisions, it resembles a "dreary desert."  This is the opposite of the "clear stream" of his hopes.

Tagore is terrified by a world where people are alienated and withdrawn.  He rejects a world where people do not use their voice to make decisions.  When Tagore seeks to avoid "the dreary desert of dead habit," he wants people to use reason to actively guide their voice as they take meaningful action.

How can improved health facilities and technology affect human resources?

Human resources involves the employees that work for the company. People who manage human resources basically handle recruitment, performance, and insurance of employee wellness, among other things.

Health benefits are commonly given to employees especially for work-related accidents and other detrimental effects on employee health. This makes sense since an employee who is sick or injured cannot perform his work properly (or at all). Health facilities provide medical aid and consultation for patients, and this improves their well-being and enables them to live and work to the fullest of their capabilities. Companies that have their own health facilities or provide their employees with sufficient health benefits improve the well-being of their human resources, thereby increasing work efficiency and potential profit.

Technology generally makes work a lot quicker and easier. This not only increases work efficiency and potential profit but also reduces strain on employees by reducing manual labor, for example. Social media and employment websites also make it easier for human resource managers to advertise available positions and recruit staff.

What role did Hiram Johnson, a California progressive, play in the 1912 Republican primary and presidential election?

Hiram Johnson served as a progressive governor of California (first winning office in 1910), and he instituted several election reforms to make the state more democratic, including the initiative, referendum, and recall. He founded the Progressive Party in 1912 and was the vice-presidential candidate that ran with Teddy Roosevelt. This party was nicknamed the Bull Moose Party. The Progressive Party platform of 1912 called for the "Rule of the People," and was "committed to the principle of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people." The party also sought to institute an eight-hour work day (as the work day for many industrial workers was much longer), to curtail labor by children, and to establish minimum wages. It won only eight states, including California, in the election, and Woodrow Wilson, the Democrat, was elected. After Teddy Roosevelt died in 1919, Johnson was the assumed leader of the Progressive Party, but he ran in the 1920 presidential election as a Republican. He lost that primary to Warren Harding, another Republican. None of the Republican primary candidates had enough votes, so Harding was chosen as the Presidential candidate in a compromise at the Republican National Convention. 

In the novel Fifth Business what is the importance of the theme of sainthood?

In Fifth Business, the importance of the theme of sainthood has to do with two specific characters: Dunstable (Dunstan) Ramsay and Mary Dempster.  

Dunstable Ramsay (who is later referred to as Dunstan or Dunny) has to do with the theme of sainthood due to his study of saints. The irony is that Ramsay is not even a Roman Catholic, but his obsession with saints eventually brings him all over Europe. Ramsay's true interest in sainthood has more to do with the supernatural aspect of sainthood than the religious aspect of sainthood. Ramsay proves this when he begins to pursue magic as a career. As further proof, the reader finds Ramsay comparing the New Testament to the Arabian Nights and comparing Mary Magdalene to mythological archetypes. Dunstable Ramsay finally receives the name of Dunstan after he returns from the war as a crippled hero. As a kind of martyr for the cause, Dunstan's name was taken from a saint who supposedly caused the deformity in the devil's nose. It is at this point that Dunstan's obsession with saints takes over. Dunstan visits shrine after shrine in Europe, writes many books on saints, and is eventually considered a hagiographer. The other irony is that Dunstan does not act very holy, especially when he tries to convince Staunton to take the blame for causing the ill-fated snowball incident from their youth.

Mrs. Dempster, on the other hand, has her "sainthood" thrust upon her by a hard snowball that hits her and causes early labor. Mrs. Dempster already has her marriage to the Baptist minister going for her, and now her sainthood appears confirmed by many strange "miracles." First, Mrs. Dempster uses her "generosity" to give her body to people other than her husband (such as a vagrant). The vagrant then ceases his evil behavior and immediately becomes a missionary. Later, Mrs. Dempster "resurrects" Willy (who is on the verge of death) and eventually appears to Dunstan during the war in a kind of saintly apparition.

The theme of sainthood connects the two characters through the vision on the battlefield during World War I. It is this vision, more than any of the other "miracles," that makes Dunstan believe Mrs. Dempster is a saint. At this moment, Mrs. Dempster joins the throng of saints fueling Dunstan's obsession with saintly holiness.

In The Good Thief by Hannah Tinti, what happened to Ren's Mother?

The protagonist of Hannah Tinti's The Good Thief is Ren, an orphan with a missing left hand who lives in St. Anthony's orphanage until being adopted by Benjamin Nab. Ren grows up with no knowledge of his family and with the only evidence of his past being his name: the letters R-E-N had been sewn into his baby clothing when he was abandoned at the gates of the orphanage.

Ren eventually learns the true story of his family from his mother's brother, Uncle McGinty. Ren's grandfather sexually abused his daughter, Margaret (Ren's mother), which led the woman to fall into a deep depression and attempt to commit suicide several times. Later on, Margaret became pregnant with Ren and died shortly after giving birth to him. 

What is the meaning of the phrase "as if to a vigil beside a perfectly tangible body" in the first chapter of The Great Gatsby?

A vigil beside a body would be a funeral service (actually a vigil is an all-night prayer service) held in the room where the dead body is laid out. 

So, the manner in which Tom and Miss Baker strolled back into the library suggested they were going to a funeral.  They were solemn, sad, and probably awkward, not meeting each other's eyes.  The awkwardness is very common at funerals, and it is suggested by the fact that they had "several feet of twilight between them," and by the way Nick felt at supper a few minutes before: "wanting to look squarely at everyone, and yet to avoid all eyes."

Of course, Tom and Miss Baker were not literally about to step into a room with a dead body.  This is figurative.  The author, knowing it is a figure of speech, adds the words "perfectly tangible" to make it more vivid: it might be a figure of speech, but their behavior was exactly as if they were going in to view a real body.  This is similar to when people add the word "literally" to heighten the intensity of a figure of speech, e.g., "I was literally dead on my feet."

The awkwardness and sadness was brought on by the fact of Tom's mistress calling the house during supper, which made it obvious to everyone present that Tom and Daisy's marriage was miserable. 

A field experiment was set up at the onset of the first rain season this year in early April. Two farmers were selected, constituting sites one and...

It seems to me that the only thing being tested here is the two different farmers.

When you get a question like this, you want to look for a single changing variable. If there are several changing variables, the experiment is going to be inconclusive. If there are no changing variables, you have no purpose to experiment. We can see that both farmers have the same setups. Each has two identical sets of four plots with the different types of farming methods. Every plot of land is being treated the same with identical doses of fertilizer prior to the test starting, and the crops grown are genetically identical. The only thing changing between cases here is the farmer's land. One might be in a mountainous area with rocky soil and dry climate. The other might be on a coastal plain with high salt content and intense heat and humidity. These two variables being tested are the root of the problem.

I would say that the thing being tested is the climate of the two farms in order to determine the most viable method of agriculture for them.

How do you know that your memories are true?

As it turns out, our memories are not true in the sense that we believe they are. In what we would think of as a true memory, we would have something more like a video in our minds, one that recorded everything we were experiencing.  In fact, every time we pull out a memory and dust it off, it changes a little, getting a kind of overlay of the new person we have become since we last retrieved it.  This is how we remember people whom we do not see too often. Did George go bald? It is likely that your memory has picked up on that and stored it where his long hair used to be.  And our memories are completely selective, such that two people can be at the same event and remember entirely different people and actions.  The more we learn about how memories are formed and retrieved, the more we come to realize how unreliable they really are, one of the reasons that eyewitness testimony has resulted in many erroneous convictions. 

Having said that, though, I will say there are ways you can check on various facets of what you remember. Another person might confirm by having the same or similar memory.  A newspaper account might include something you think you remember, and you can check that way.  Some people keep a journal where they write down various "facts" they can check on later.  What you will often find is that people do have slightly different versions for themselves. If I didn't know better, I might swear that my sons were raised in completely different households, based upon what they remember.  But it is in the overlap of memories like these, what people agree happened or was said, that you can sometimes confirm what you believe you remember.  At the very least, they agree on what their parent's names are and where we went for family vacations when they were young. 

How do you feel about propaganda being used in Animal Farm?

Under the influence of Napoleon, the pigs on the farm use various forms of propaganda to manipulate and control the other animals. From Minimus’s poem to Squealer's various euphemisms, Napoleon's role as a leader is glorified, and language is manipulated to mislead the lower class of animals. In my opinion, George Orwell accurately illustrated the various forms of propaganda authoritative governments use to oppress and control their citizens. Many authoritative governments use fear to manipulate citizens the same way Squealer continually reminds the animals about the possibility of Mr. Jones' return, as well as the threat of Napoleon's dogs. Orwell's portrayal of how tyrants often blame a common enemy is accurately depicted in the way Napoleon denounces Snowball. Also, Squealer's fabricated statistics are ignorantly accepted by the animals despite the fact that they are suffering. Oppressive governments, like the former Soviet Union and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, often manipulate statistics to propagate a sense of security and optimism. I feel that George Orwell accurately portrayed the way authoritative governments use various forms of propaganda to increase their control of the population through fear and manipulation.

Which one of the following is an example of a balanced chemical reaction? A) `HCl + KMnO_4 = Cl_2 + MnO_2 + H_2O + KCl` B) `HCl + KMnO_4 = Cl_2 +...

Hello!

This is actually a math question.

For a chemical equation to be balanced, there must be an equal quantity of atoms of each type on both sides of an equation. Let's start from the first type of atoms involved here, `H` (hydrogen). It appears only in `H Cl` at the left (one atom for each molecule) and in `H_2O` at the right (two atoms for each molecule). Check:

A) `1*1 = 1*2` (false)
B) `1*1 = 2*2` (false)
C) `2*1 = 2*2` (false)
D) `6*1 = 4*2` (false)
E) `8*1 = 4*2` (true).

So the only equation which might be balanced is E. Check the remaining types of atoms: `Cl,` `K,` `Mn,` `O.`

`Cl:`  `8*1 = 3*2 + 2*1` (true),
`K:`    `2*1 = 2*1` (true),
`Mn:` `2*1 = 2*1` (true),
`O:`     `2*4 = 2*2 + 4*1` (true).

Great, E is a balanced equation and the only such. The answer is E.

In "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge," what literary device does Ambrose Bierce use in section two?

In section two of "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge," the literary device Ambrose Bierce uses is flashback.  

Section one of the story describes a scene in which a man is about to be hanged from a bridge. The reader doesn't know who the man is or what his crime was. Section two explains both of those things by using a flashback. A flashback is an interruption that an author will use to narrate past events. The purpose is to provide background or context to current events in the story. Section two explains that the man being hanged is Peyton Farquhar. He is a southern plantation owner. Additionally, he is eager to find some way to be a part of the southern fight against the Union.  

Circumstances of an imperious nature, which it is unnecessary to relate here, had prevented him from taking service with that gallant army which had fought the disastrous campaigns ending with the fall of Corinth, and he chafed under the inglorious restraint, longing for the release of his energies, the larger life of the soldier, the opportunity for distinction. That opportunity, he felt, would come, as it comes to all in wartime. 

A Federal scout, posing as a Confederate soldier, informs Farquhar of the Union's position at Owl Creek Bridge. Farquhar is tempted to find some way to sabotage the bridge, and the scout feeds that temptation by telling Farquhar how the bridge might be destroyed.  

The soldier reflected. "I was there a month ago," he replied. "I observed that the flood of last winter had lodged a great quantity of driftwood against the wooden pier at this end of the bridge. It is now dry and would burn like tinder." 

Once the flashback ends, the reader immediately returns to Farquhar falling from his position on the bridge. 

In The Kite Runner, why did Khaled Hosseini have Amir Sohrab and Assef come together the way they did in their encounter?

You originally posed this question asking why these characters came together "in the same way," which is a bit unclear. I am basing my response on the understanding that you are asking why this encounter toward the end of the book parallels in some ways the encounters of Amir, Hassan, and Assef earlier in the novel. 

This is a novel about wrongdoing and redemption. Hosseini has created a character, Amir, who makes regrettable choices and another character, Hassan, who shows Amir how people should behave. Hassan is a true friend to Amir, saving both of them from Assef and his friends with a slingshot. Amir cowardly fails to save Hassan from Assef raping him. He says,

I had one last chance to make a decision. . . I could stand up for Hassan—the way he'd stood up for me all those times in the past. . . In the end, I ran. I ran because I was a coward (Hosseini 77).

While this is not Amir's only wrongdoing toward his friend, it is the most striking and significant, setting the stage for the banishment of Hassan and his father Ali from Baba's household, which results in Hassan and Ali being left behind to die after Baba and Amir flee to America. 

When Amir is offered a chance "to be good again" (2) and returns to Afghanistan to save Hassan's son, Sohrab, he is on his way to redemption in a scene that is a kind of combined reenactment of the two crucial encounters with Assef, the first being the slingshot encounter, the second being the rape of Hassan. In this encounter, Sohrab is a kind of "stand-in" for Hassan, who is dead, but whose son is still alive. Amir rescues Sohrab from the evil Assef, who clearly has been molesting Sohrab since he took him. Sohrab rescues Amir by slaying Assef with a slingshot, just as his father did before him. This is almost like a do-over for Amir, a way for him to be make the choice to be brave and rescue Sohrab. Khaled Hosseini creates a kind of symmetry to the book by setting up this situation to contrast Amir the immature, cowardly child with the mature, brave man he becomes.

Why is precision of language so important to the people of Jonas's society?

Language "precision," as it is called, is another tool used by the society of The Giver to control the community and keep them content and safe by desensitizing them.

In his essay "Politics and the English Language," George Orwell writes,

Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economic causes....(http://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/politics/english/e_polit/)

In this passage and further in the essay, Orwell writes of the power of language. Certainly, language is is a tool for powerful governments; indeed, it is a type of thought control. Continuing some of Orwell's ideas from this essay, he writes, "If thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought." This is the very concept behind the invention of Newspeak in Orwell's 1984.

Similarly, in the society of The Giver, language is used to control and corrupt thought. In order to control any intense emotion, which could cause negative results, the society has people discuss their feelings, but only with "precision"; that is, they are restricted to approved words that can be used in the community. Many of them are mere euphemisms, words which are rather innocuous and will neither stir deep emotion in the speaker nor excite it in the listener. By requiring people to use these euphemisms, the thoughts and emotions of the citizenry can better be controlled, as well as modified.

In Chapter 1, for instance, as he rides his bicycle home, Jonas worries over his word choice for the evening ritual in which the members of his family share their feelings about the events of the day. Later, after one of Jonas's family expresses feelings, the others commiserate and offer their words of comfort or support. But, these words really are all too sanguine to be genuine or comforting. In fact, Jonas finds that he must "sift through his complicated emotions" to find the soft words demanded by his society. When he does this, he is left unsatisfied. For instance, as Jonas nears home, he contemplates the upcoming Ceremony of Twelve in which he will receive his Assignment for his life:

...he realized that frightened was the wrong word to capture his feelings about the momentous ceremony.....It was too strong an adjective.

Even though he is eager, excited, and rather nervous about the ceremony, Jonas knows that he must not express all these feelings. So, instead, he decides upon the more euphemistic adjective apprehensive and uses it to describe his feelings about the forthcoming December ceremony. His father merely tells him, "I'm glad that you told us of your feelings."

This sedated conversation of the family keeps a certain calmness in the home, but it also makes for a desensitized and empty life. Nevertheless, this desensitized life is desired by the community because it is safer for the members of the society as they are less likely to disobey the rules or conflict with one another or the authorities than if they expressed powerfully their emotions.

The society of Lowry's novel is created by those who want to eliminate all the conflicts, pain, and griefs to the safe keeping of one person, who alone bares the burdens of these human agonies and emotions. While this one person, who is called the Giver, carries memories and bears the burden of pain and deep emotion, the others opt for sameness over individuality and safety over freedom. And, language is one tool used to maintain this structure.

What was Reconciliation in Australia?

Reconciliation was (and continues to be) formal efforts made by the Australian government to affirm unity and respect between Native Australians- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders- and the non-Indigenous Australians descended from colonizers or more recent waves of immigration. 

In the 1950s and 1960s, the roots of Reconciliation were planted as people (both Indigenous and non-Indigenous) began campaigning to remove clauses from the Australian Constitution which either deprived Indigenous people of their civil rights or used discriminatory language. Since then, Reconciliation has included justice for people who have been barred from entering public establishments or receiving service on the basis of their Indigenous ethnicity, granting pensions to elderly and infirm Indigenous Australians, and returning or maintaining land rights to people who had historical associations with parts of Australian territory. 

Reconciliation continues today as the Australian government seeks to remedy the institutions which have prevented Indigenous Australians from attaining an equal quality of life to those of non-Indigenous descent. Ensuring access to healthcare, nutrition, and education are some of these ongoing efforts. 

If cigarette advertising is banned from most mass media, why can beer and alcohol advertisers use these venues?

There are two major reasons for this.

First, we can say that tobacco is more harmful to people than alcohol is.  Smoking leads directly to serious health issues, including lung cancer.  Moderate use of alcohol, by contrast, does not have any major impacts on people’s health.  If tobacco is more harmful to people than alcohol, it makes sense to regulate ads for tobacco more strictly than ads for alcohol.

While the health factor may have something to do with the difference in how ads are regulated, it is more likely that political factors are a much larger reason.  Since we live in a democracy, the government typically follows the will of the people.  In this case, the will of the people says that drinking is much more acceptable than smoking.  The vast majority of Americans (about 82%) do not smoke. In contrast, very many Americans drink.  According to one of the links below, 71% of Americans drank alcohol in the past year and 57% drank in the last month.  The government is not likely to ban advertisements for a product that a large majority of Americans use.  If that many people drink alcohol, we can assume that a sizable majority of Americans does not think that alcohol is a particularly bad thing.  Given this attitude, it makes sense that the government would regulate ads for alcohol much less strictly than it regulates ads for cigarettes.

What is the difference between natural breeding and selective breeding?

Natural breeding refers to the random mating that occurs between two individuals of the same species. 

Conversely, selective breeding has been performed for centuries by humans hoping to produce offspring with desirable traits. Farmers have selectively bred their livestock in the hopes of producing healthier, larger specimens. For example, they might hope to produce a cow that gives a lot of milk or a horse that runs well.

Modern breeds of dogs came into existence by careful selection and breeding. All modern dogs can be traced to a wolf-like ancestor. Selections were made for traits like hunting ability, fighting ability, being a tame companion, and appearance. 

Many crops that nourish the planet are the results of selectively breeding plants with traits like resistance to insects or an ability to grow in a drier climate. Larger varieties of fruit have been selected for to provide more food for people. These crops are different than their "wild" cousins that grow in nature.

In selective breeding, there is no guarantee the desired traits will be inherited by the offspring. Due to the processes of crossing over and independent assortment (which occurs during meiosis), unique gametes are produced. These gametes may not have the characteristics desired by the person performing the selective breeding. 

I have included a link with details of various types of artificial selection (selective breeding) performed by people to try to "improve" the resulting offspring.

How does Buddhism differ from Christianity?

Whereas Buddhism focuses on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, who they believe is enlightened, but not deity, Christianity worships Jesus Christ as the son of God. Buddhism originated from the Indian continent, whereas Christianity started in the Roman province of Judea. 

Buddhists believe that we are in a continual cycle in which we are born, die, and are reborn until we attain nirvana. Christians largely believe that all are eternally assigned to Heaven or Hell after death.

Buddhists use statues and icons as mediation objects to help them focus on the teachings of Buddha. Most Christian denominations forbid the use of statues and icons, though they often can be found in Catholic and Orthodox places of worship.

Roughly 300-350 million of the world's population are Buddhist. More than a billion Christians can be found across the globe.

What do you think Saki is trying to show about the nature of children and adults in Lumber Room?

Your question is asking you to form an opinion based on the text of the story. In “The Lumber Room” by Saki, the author is trying to demonstrate how adults often believe they are wiser than children based solely upon their age, not their intellect.

Saki creates a witty, cunning, intellectual character as she develops the protagonist, Nicholas. Even as a child, he has the ability to outsmart the adults in his family.

While sitting at the breakfast table, Nicholas claims there is a frog in his milk and bread. The adults assure him this is an impossibility until he produces the frog, which he placed there himself. Saki is demonstrating how adults often refuse to listen to children when something seems implausible.

One of the adults attempts to impose her authoritarian ways upon Nicholas but he is able to outsmart her a number of times. He is also able to prove that she does not listen when the other children are talking. He explains why the beach trip he is being excluded from will be a disaster based on what the other children said. Unfortunately, the aunt was so caught up in her anger and intent to punish Nicholas that she did not hear what they said.

In general, Saki is demonstrating the nature of adults to feel superior and wiser than children. They consider themselves to be authority figures. It is the nature of children to test their limits with authority figures, and many of them have valid reasons for doing so.

Visking tubing seems to be used primarily for removing sugars in aqueous solution. Would it work for removing salinity (on a lab scale) in the same...

I don't see why not, but it would be very inefficient. Visking tubing is really just a semi-permeable membrane, so you could certainly use it to separate extremely small ions. You see, it used to separate sugars, but it has many other uses; dialysis centers use visking tubing to purify blood for people who have lost a kidney, but you may see it used in biology classes as a representation for the cell membrane, blood vessels, and digestive system.

The ability of visking tubing to pass molecules and atoms depends on the size of the tubing pores and the size of the molecules attempting to pass through. Similar to trying to fit the large square peg through the small circular hole, large molecules, such as massive starch chains and hulking proteins, will be unable to pass through the tiny holes of semi-permeable tubing. Small molecules like water and glucose can still pass through. When salts are in solution, they break into ions, meaning that molecules like NaCl will break into both Na and Cl atoms. These atoms are more than capable of passing through holes sized for glucose.

The problem you run into is that over time the salinity inside the visking tubing would come to match the salinity outside the tubing. This would have the same effect as just dumping salt water into your water, and pulling out a sample. The salt would just disperse, and the pure water you had before would be salty as well.

In the end, your procedure would resemble fractional dilutions rather than filtering. You would have less salt in the tubing as you ran pure water over it, but your pure water would be just as contaminated.

What are the three elements that underpin organizational culture?

The three elements underpinning organizational culture are (1) a clear vision and purpose; (2) free participation, respect, and safety for employees; and (3) clear, open vertical and horizontal communication. Various groups and texts express these three concepts in different words, but there is a consensus on these three (corporate vision, employee's human value, and communication) as the essentials. As Michael D. Watkins, professor at Switzerland's IMD, said in Harvard Business Review in 2013:

While there is universal agreement that (1) [organizational culture] exists, and (2) that it plays a crucial role in shaping behavior in organizations, there is little consensus on what organizational culture actually is.

The Kautilya Society for Intercultural Dialogue describes the same three concepts in different words:

• 
  [Vision] "The organization stands for something. . .  The values explicit in their philosophy help create the identity of the organization."

• 
  [Human Value] "Management focuses a great deal of attention to. . . [helping] communicate these values to people who work in the organization."

• 
  [Communication] "Values are understood and shared by all. . . [and the] organization’s values create a reality for those who work in the organization. . . [allowing] employees to cooperate and collaborate."

The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) adds WHO's concept of health to the human value portion of organizational culture, stressing the "psychosocial work environment" and the interaction with external "communities."

Some relevant organization examples can be found in Glassdoor.com's selection of the top corporations to work for in terms of organizational culture, as reported by Julie Bort in Business Insider.

• NetApp has a "supportive management," which means human value, psychosocial environment, and communication are effective and operating so that "good ideas and good work are appreciated."

• Progressive is in a "constant state of change," which means the corporate vision is dynamic enough to allow for innovative adjustments to changing conditions and that the vision is communicated through equally dynamic communication channels.

• Proctor and Gamble has a human-value intensive culture where training, cooperation, collaboration, and good, old-fashioned "help" generate a "positive" culture in the plant: "The culture in the plant is very positive. . . everyone wants to help one another."

What motivates people to join a SAS? How do you get them to work hard and maximize their efforts? Should you be egalitarian and pay everyone the...

Some of the most common motivations that lead people to join a SAS include competitive pay, interesting work, and advancement opportunities. According to author Chuck Williams, even software engineering employees facing demanding work conditions can thrive with the proper motivation. The most crucial ingredient to motivation is a work environment in which all employees feel their contributions matter. It is also important to provide work that plays to each person's strengths while giving employees the opportunity to improve their weaknesses. While fair pay is an important factor, employees must also receive recognition from team members and management to feel appreciated and maximize their efforts.

Equity theory holds that people are motivated to work when they believe they are being treated fairly. This theory places great importance on employees' perceptions, independent of material rewards they receive. Many employees believe it is unfair for CEOs to make 319 times the average worker's salary because it violates the principle of equity theory. Others argue pay should be linked to performance and CEO talent is rare enough that it is necessary to pay individuals who possess it a much higher rate. The outcome/ input ratio matches employee compensation with employee contributions, linking pay and performance while maintaining a sense of fairness. This system is generally the most practical in a SAS setting.

Due to the SAS business model, going public would be a risky decision to make. Although trading shares publicly can improve the public perception of a business and increase transparency, it can also lead to serious financial hardships, as it did for Ben & Jerry's business model. There are alternate ways to offer benefits to employees and help them feel invested in the business while remaining competitive in the talent market. Stock options are only one part of the reward system that allows employees to feel adequately compensated. Making continual efforts to assess employee satisfaction and reward gifted employees is the best way to remain competitive. Rather than going public, SAS could implement such initiatives as fair pay standards, increased advancement opportunities, training programs, and incentives for exemplary performance.

In the novel Speak, how does Melinda change as a student?

Although Melinda was once a good student, her schooling takes a serious hit after the trauma of being raped at the house party over the summer. In her freshman year, Melinda does not study, participate, or put in any effort to her academics. Simply put, she does not have the emotional energy to do so. 

Rather than acting concerned about her obvious shift in personality (from outgoing and positive to reclusive and moody), Melinda's parents spend a great deal of their time obsessing about her grades and threatening, begging, and bargaining with her to put more effort into her schoolwork. 

Nevertheless, about halfway through the novel, Melinda's grades are still horrible: a "D, C, B-, D, C-, C, A," as Ms. Connors points out to her in their meeting, with a GPA of 1.7. Unfortunately, much like Melinda's parents, Ms. Connors fails to see that Melinda is truly suffering and is only interested in improving her grades so that she may draft Melinda to the school's basketball team (another activity Melinda has no interest in).

Ultimately, the only class that truly engages Melinda is Mr. Freeman's art class (which is also the only class she is doing well in). Through her artwork, Melinda finds a way to express her pain and to finally face what happened to her. 

Is comedy a criticism of life?

I think comedy can be a criticism of life, certainly, although there is comedy that is not. Very "broad" comedy appeals to our funny bones in a different kind of way, much like the difference between our appreciation of witty repartee in a film as opposed to our laughter at the very physical comedy of something like the Three Stooges.  Some comedy is meant simply to entertain us and nothing more. There are many examples in literature, though, of comedy that is meant to critique or comment on some aspect of life.

I just finished reading Bill Bryson's latest book, The Road to Little Dribbling. Like most of his books, this one is filled with humorous criticism—in this case, of his adopted country, the United Kingdom. He pokes fun at British things in a very entertaining way, but the reader can see these are aspects of British life of which he is genuinely critical. What keeps Bryson from being just a grumpy old man is that he never hesitates to make fun of himself, too, which is, I suppose, a criticism of life. 

In a far older example, Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales uses humor to comment on and criticize the society of his time and place, particularly the Church. The hypocrisies of the day are exposed, as these travelers on their spiritual quest are far more concerned with matters such as lust and wealth.  

Catch-22 by Joseph Heller is a comedic critique of society, in particular military bureaucracy. The term "catch-22" did not take very long to catch on in its day, since the pointed humor of the novel resonated with anyone who had any experience of bureaucracy.

There is no question that there is comedy in literature that is meant to just entertain, but much comedy in literature is meant to make a point that critiques some aspect of life.   

What was one factor in the differing developments in the timing of food production according to Chapter 4 of Guns, Germs, and Steel?

In Chapter 4 of Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond argues that the neolithic transition began earliest in regions that had favorable conditions for food production. The key, for Diamond, was the ready availability of plants and animals that could be easily domesticated. This started a virtuous cycle in which food production led to an increase in population that led in turn to the ability to produce more food. The surplus of food beyond what the individual raising the food needed to sustain life allowed for specialization of labor and time devoted to improving technologies such as pottery and metallurgy. Moreover, a group with a high population and better technology would gain military superiority, allowing itself to dominate its region. This gave certain societies a head start in developing advanced civilization with which other groups could not readily catch up. 

Does the story of Roseto establish Gladwell's purpose in Outliers?

Yes. Gladwell sets the stage at the beginning of Outliers by first defining what an outlier is, and then by following it up with the story of a small town in eastern Pennsylvania named Roseto. He says an outlier can consist of “a statistical observation that is markedly different in value from the others of the sample.” This description fits the residents of Roseto, who had fewer instances of heart disease (and of other diseases) than people living in other parts of the country. A team of researchers went to Roseto to see how these individuals could be so much healthier than the rest of us. They studied their genetic make-ups, diets, and lifestyles. Most of the people had emigrated from the town of Roseto Valfortore in the Italian province of Foggia. It turned out that they had brought their native paesani culture with them. This tie gave them a stronger sense of community than other American towns had. The people spent a lot of time together. Generations lived under the same roof. People worshiped at the same church and belonged to some of the same charitable organizations. Their good mental health and personal satisfaction was reflected in their good physical health. Gladwell explains that the town of Roseto was an example of an outlier: “a place that lay outside everyday experience, where the normal rules did not apply.”

How does O. Henry undertake a critique of urban space in "The Gift of the Magi"?

O. Henry vaguely describes the simplicity of Jim and Della's city apartment. They live in an urban setting and have very little money. O. Henry moved to New York City in 1902, and he published "The Gift of the Magi" in 1905. He experienced life in a large urban setting firsthand in the years leading up to writing this story.

Those living in poverty in urban settings during the early 1900s often had small, simple apartments like the one in the story. These spaces were typically cramped and often had low levels of cleanliness.

Della and Jim rent a furnished apartment, which they pay $8.00 per week for. The included furnishings are meager, and include a "shabby little couch." O. Henry also describes the cheap glass in the apartment window:

There was a pier-glass between the windows of the room. Perhaps you have seen a pier-glass in an $8 flat. A very thin and very agile person may, by observing his reflection in a rapid sequence of longitudinal strips, obtain a fairly accurate conception of his looks. 

The descriptions of the worn sofa and the mirrors one can scarcely gaze into give the reader a sense of simplicity. This simplicity shows O. Henry's analysis of life in a humble urban apartment.

Describe the merry war of wits between Beatrice and Benedict in Act 1 of Much Ado about Nothing.

Leonardo describes the relationship between Benedict and Beatrice thusly,

There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signior Benedict and her.  They never meet but there's a skirmish of wit between them.  

In the very next few lines, we see this "merry war" Leonardo is referring to.  It is a war of wits as each insults the other through puns, jokes, sarcasm, and irony.  What is obvious to all but the two young people is that they are in love with each other, and their outward shows of wit cover up their true feelings.  The scenes in which they engage in this competition of insults, of sorts, are some of the most entertaining in the play.  

So let's look at their first dialogue more closely.  Beatrice begins the attack by claiming that Benedick has no need to talk because no one is paying attention to him.  He returns the insult by calling her "Lady Disdain" and feigns surprise that she is still living.  She answers with the claim that Disdain cannot die when it has such meat as Benedick to feed on.  And Benedick vows that all women except Beatrice love him, but he loves no one.  And on it goes until Benedick ends with comparing the speed of his horse to the speed of Beatrice's tongue.  But Beatrice gets the last word by saying that he always ends with a "jade's trick."  This is a horseman's term for an abrupt stop.  

You get the idea.  What is important to note, however, is that intellectually the two are matched very well.  Both are proud, smart, quick-witted, funny, and not unkind.  Unlike in The Taming of the Shrew, Shakespeare does not let Benedick get the upper hand in the relationship (as Petruchio did).  We see this through their dialogue in Act 1 and are anxious to see how this relationship develops.  

What are three different types of love in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream?

There are many different types of love represented in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, and certainly more than three. However, in this answer, I'll focus on the types of love that I find to be most prominent/important in the play: romantic love, unrequited love, and forced/fake love.

Romantic Love: This type of love is pretty straightforward, as it's the kind of love that occurs between people who really, genuinely, deeply care for each other. There are multiple examples of romantic love in the play, as it can be found pretty generally in most of the play's natural couples. Lysander and Hermia, Theseus and Hippolyta, and even Oberon and Titania all experience romantic love within their relationships (although, it's worth noting, this latter couple has a pretty weird way of expressing it at times). Essentially, all of these couples genuinely care and love one another in a romantic fashion.

Unrequited Love: There are less examples of unrequited love, but it's still important. At the beginning of the play, Helena has unrequited love for Demetrius, as she loves him dearly but is repeatedly scorned by him. As such, her love is not returned by the object of her affections. However, Demetrius ultimately does return Helena's affections by the end of the play, but that doesn't diminish the importance of her original, lonely expressions of love.

Forced/Fake Love: This kind of love is obviously artificial, and it serves as one of the play's primary comedic devices. Lysander, Demetrius, and Titania are all given a potion that causes them to falsely love the first thing they see upon waking. As you can imagine, this causes quite a lot of confusion and hilarity, as it motivates Lysander and Demetrius to fight over Helena, and also makes Titania dote upon the bumbling Bottom. However, while funny, the forced/fake love motif has sinister undertones. Forcing one person to love another is potentially traumatic and, though it's funny within the play, it certainly wouldn't be very funny in real life. As such, though forced/fake love makes us laugh while watching the play, it should also cause us to think more critically about the boundaries in relationships that cannot be crossed. 

What is some biographical information on Penelope Fitzgerald?

Penelope Knox Fitzgerald was born on 17 December 1916  and died on 28 April 2000. She came from an upper middle class English family. Her older relatives and parents included a bishop, the editor of an influential magazine, and other writers and professors. She attended the elite Wycombe Abbey boarding school and Oxford.

After graduating, she worked for the BBC. In 1942 she married Desmond Fitzgerald, who was studying for the bar. After the war, they moved to London and jointly edited a literary magazine. Desmond suffered from alcoholism and was disbarred as a lawyer. The family descended into poverty and Penelope started teaching in the 1960s to support herself, her husband, and their children. 

Penelope published her first book in 1975, a biography of painter Edward Burne-Jones, when she was 58 years old. This was followed by a biography of her father and his brother in 1976, and then several novels with both historical and contemporary settings. 

She won the 1979 Booker Prize for her novel Offshore and was awarded the 1999 Golden PEN Award for "a Lifetime's Distinguished Service to Literature."

Who is referred to as 'The Swiss' in Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw?

In general therms, "the Swiss" are citizens of Switzerland. Historically, and even through the present day, Switzerland tended to remain neutral in the great wars tearing apart Europe, and thus a meeting ground for diplomats. 

Although Switzerland itself was neutral in the Serbo-Bulgarian war, the Swiss preserved their independence by requiring all males to have military training and thus were notable as mercenaries in this period. Many of the Swiss cantons maintained militias that hired out as mercenary groups, known for their skills as professional soldiers.

Captain Bluntschli is the only Swiss character in the play. He is one of a group of Swiss mercenaries who fought for the losing Serbian side in the war. At the start of the play, he climbs through the window of a Bulgarian house. In the context of the play, "the Swiss" refer collectively to the Swiss mercenaries. 

What are some quotes in Romeo and Juliet that contain dramatic irony and foreshadowing in act 1 & 2?

Certainly, the concern that Romeo expresses at the end of Act 1, scene 4, before he and his friends go to the big party at Lord Capulet's house foreshadows later tragedy in the play.  He says that his

mind misgives
Some consequence yet hanging in the stars [that]
Shall bitterly begin his fearful date
With this night's revels, and expire the term
Of a despised life closed in [his] breast
By some vile forfeit of untimely death.  (1.4.113-118)

In other words, Romeo has a sort of premonition that the party tonight will initiate some series of fated events in his life that will culminate in his death as a young man.  He, of course, is right.  Tonight, he will meet Juliet and begin the relationship that will eventually lead to his suicide in her family's vault.

When Romeo and Juliet first meet and kiss, the audience knows that they are sworn enemies, although they do not know one another's identity yet.  Juliet calls him "Good pilgrim," in part, because she does not know his name, and Romeo calls her "dear saint" (1.5.108, 1.5.114).  It is only after this first encounter, where they fall in love at first sight, that each learns the other's identity.  Their initial meeting when they do not know the other's identity constitutes dramatic irony because we know that they are sworn enemies before they realize it.

Later, in Act 2, scene 2, when Juliet believes that she is alone and speaking only to herself on her balcony, we know that Romeo is there, hidden by the darkness, and that he can hear everything she says.  Because we know more than she, this is another example of dramatic irony.

What are some 3 personality traits of Oberon from Midsummer Night's Dream by Shakespeare. [Please support the 3 personality traits with 3 quotes...

In a Midsummer Night's Dream, Oberon is the King of the fairies, who is able to disguise himself as a human being. In some ways he bridges the world of humans and the fairy world.

Oberon's Personality Traits

• Jealous husband/lover

When he first appears in the play in Act II, Oberon, who is married to Titiana, engages in a love quarrel with her much like that of human beings as they resurrect old infidelities. When he first sees his wife, Titiana declares that she will no longer share her bed with him. 

TITA. What, jealous Oberon?—Fairies, skip hence.

I have forsworn his bed and company. 

OBE. Tarry, rash wanton, am I not thy lord? (2.1.47-49)

Enraged, Oberon demands his rights as a husband. But, the real reason for his jealousy is the fight over the changeling boy that Titiana holds because he wants the boy for his own. Titania refuses, insisting that she was friends with the human mother who died giving birth to the boy. Angered, Oberon devises a plan to capture the child: He sends Puck to search for a certain flower that has juices which makes people fall in love with the next creature they see after it is sprinkled on them. While Titania is under the spell, Oberon plans to steal the changeling by 

streak[ing] her eyes" with magic juice "and make her full of hateful fantasies" (2.1.257-58). 

After Titania is treated with this magical flower, she awakens and finds Bottom, whose head has been changed to that of a donkey because of the mischief of Puck; then, instantly, she falls in love with him. While Oberon has not intended this situation to occur, he has hoped that Titania will wake and fall in love with "some vile thing" (3.2.34).

• Power-hungry and selfishly destructive

The power struggles between Oberon and Titania are so violent that they have caused great disruptions in the weather. Titania chides him for his selfishness which has effected great seasonal changes and harm to cattle and sheep:

But with thy brawls thou hast disturbed our sport.
Therefore the winds, piping to us in vain,
As in revenge, have sucked up from the sea
Contagious fogs, which falling in the land
Have every pelting river made so proud
That they have overborne their continents. (2.1.72-77)

• Sympathetic to the human lovers

After having sent Puck to find the flower that will make Titania fall in love with the first creature she sees when she awakens, Oberon observes Helena in pursuit of Demetrius, who cruelly dismisses her. The fairy king decides to use the same flower Puck finds for Titania to help Helena. He instructs Puck to search for a man who wears Athenian garments (meaning Demetrius) and sprinkle this man with the flower. However, Puck mistakenly anoints Lysander's eyes. So, the world of the humans becomes as confused as that of the fairies.

Nevertheless, Oberon finally manages to set things right as he ensures that the proper lovers are paired with each other. He has Demetrius remain in love with Helena, and he ensures that Lysander forgets about what has occurred with Helena, believing it was all a dream. As a result, Lysander's love is again directed toward Hermia.
Oberon also fixes things in the fairy world by removing the spell from Titania, although he steals the changeling boy before doing so and then removing "the imperfection from her eyes" regarding Bottom. 

But first I will release the fairy queen.
Be as thou wast wont to be;
See as thou wast wont to see:....
Now, my Titania; wake you, my sweet queen. (4.1.55-58)

Truly, Oberon is a complex character as he seems to have two sides. On the one hand, he is the jealous, demanding husband and a selfish being who does not care that he has disturbed the weather with all his marital quarrels and jealousies; on the other hand, he is romantic and concerned about the human beings, ensuring that Helena captures Demetrius and the other humans are paired as they should be.

At the end of the Meno (around 100b), Socrates says that if Meno can convince Anytus of the things they have concluded in the dialogue, he will...

The first important fact here is that Anytus was one of the accusers of Socrates in Apology. Unlike Plato, Alcibiades, and many of the followers of Socrates, Anytus was not born into an aristocratic family, but was a tanner whose father had become newly wealthy, something mentioned as Socrates draws him into the conversation in Meno (90a-b). He also was a supporter of the extreme democratic party, which was politically opposed to the the aristocratic faction. 

The main theme of the discussion has been whether virtue can be taught and whether the sophists live up to their claims as teachers. Anytus agrees with Socrates that in terms of skills such as leather working, music, and medicine, the best teachers are themselves experts in their crafts who charge fees for teaching. When asked, though, about whether he thinks people should pay fees to sophists to acquire political knowledge and virtue, he vehemently condemns objects to sophists.

Socrates moves the discussion on to an investigation of whether anyone, sophist or not, can inculcate virtue, proving the negative by several examples of eminent fathers with undistinguished children. Anytus leaves angrily after expressing vague threats against Socrates (95e).

In the end, Socrates concludes with a few related points. First, correct opinion is not the same as knowledge, but is often useful in areas in which true knowledge is not possible. Second, as true knowledge and virtue are not teachable, they must be acquired by a form or "recollection" (of what the soul knew before it descended into the body) or divine inspiration. This is a hint that Socrates' own form of wisdom is connected to his divine sign; the divine sign becomes the basis for the accusation of impiety in Apology.

The benefit to the Athenians is leading them to self-understanding and dispelling false beliefs as well as undermining the sophists. Also, of course, if Meno can convince Anytus to have a better opinion about Socrates, Athenians will continue to have the benefit of Socratic questioning. 

What is the tone of voice used in Beasts of England and Comrade Napoleon?

In Animal Farm, the tone of Beasts of England reflects its purpose: it is stirring and enthusiastic, as a means of encouraging the animals to come together and overthrow Man, their sworn enemy. This upbeat and positive tone is reinforced by words like "bright," "joyful" and "shine."

While the tone of Comrade Napoleon is equally lively, there are some key differences to consider. The voice of Comrade Napoleon is submissive and obedient and this is demonstrated through the use of words like "faithful" and "commanding." In employing this type of tone, the song implies that the animals cannot survive without Napoleon's support, as we see in the following lines:

Thou are the giver of

All that thy creatures love.

In contrast, Beasts of England emphasises the equality and resourcefulness of all animals:

And the fruitful fields of England,

Shall be trod by beasts alone.

In creating this stirring tone, Beasts of England inspires the animals to rebel against Mr Jones while Comrade Napoleon simply emphasises their inferiority.

How does George seem to feel about his handicap?

George seems resigned to his handicap. He tells Hazel that he doesn't mind it anymore, as he's gotten used to wearing it. His handicap has become a part of who he is.

However, the forty-seven pounds of bird-shot padlocked round his neck is a great burden; Hazel notices that George is often exhausted from carrying the canvas bag of bird-shot round his neck. Although Hazel wishes that they could make a hole in the bottom of the bag in order to take out a few lead balls, George isn't thrilled with the idea.

He tells Hazel that, if he's caught taking out any of the lead balls, he'll get two years in prison, and he'll be fined two thousand dollars for every ball he takes out. He also argues that he will set a bad example for others. Before long, George maintains that they'll be back to the "dark ages" where everybody competes against everybody else. He contends that society will suffer the minute everyone gets away with disobeying the laws.

George doesn't realize the irony of his statements. He and Hazel are living under a tyrannical system of laws, but he seems fine with preserving the status quo. George has been brainwashed into believing that the laws in his country are meant to preserve freedom and justice, but in reality, they do just the opposite.

Discuss why Zinn disputes Kissinger's idea that "History is the memory of states."

In A People's History of the United States, Zinn disagrees with Kissinger's vision of history because he feels that it silences the voices of people's experience.

Zinn feels that Kissinger's version of history is a form of mythology. Zinn believes that when history is told from the nation's point of view, it removes the struggles that different groups experienced.  Highlighting this struggle is Zinn's primary motivation:

My viewpoint, in telling the history of the United States, is different: that we must not accept the memory of states as our own. Nations are not communities and never have been, The history of any country, presented as the history of a family, conceals fierce conflicts of interest (sometimes exploding, most often repressed) between conquerors and conquered, masters and slaves, capitalists and workers, dominators and dominated in race and sex. 

Zinn believes that Kissinger's view of history emphasizes national progress over individual struggle.  Telling history from the point of view of nations eliminates the fight people waged against the Status Quo.  Kissinger's view of history also removes the possibility of the nation being wrong.  For example, Zinn emphasizes how important it is to tell the story of the United States Constitution from the perspective of African-Americans, people that the original document silenced.

Zinn views Kissinger's understanding of history as dangerous.  When we embrace the historical narrative of states or governments over individual people, Zinn feels we are more prone to justify national exercises of power.   For example, if we look at industrialization as simply a time where America advanced, we tend to forget the struggles that took place between workers and management.  As Zinn demonstrates in his chapter "Robber Barons and Rebels," we would forget how American government and industry colluded with one another to deny the interests of the poor.  Zinn believes struggles like this one define the essence of historical scholarship. The historian must be committed to retelling this story of conflict because it encompasses the "people's" stories.

This paradigm is established in chapter 1 of A People's History of the United States.  This is the chapter where Zinn analyzed Columbus's subjugation of the Native Americans.  Kissinger's vision of history would view Columbus as a hero, the man who discovered America. Zinn's embrace of history as the story of the people, the narrative of "conflict," compels him "to tell the story of the discovery of America from the viewpoint of the Arawaks." Zinn does not believe that the nation should be more important than "a people's history."  As a result, he disagrees with Kissinger's perspective on history.

What is a timeline of Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis?

The story is told from Bud's perspective, so a timeline of events closely follows everything that happens to Bud.  

• Bud finds out that he is being placed with a new adoptive family.  He is going to have an older brother, and Bud knows that means trouble. 


• Todd Amos and Bud get into a fight.  Mrs. Amos believes everything that Todd tells her and locks Bud in the shed.  


• Bud escapes from the shed and gets revenge against Todd by getting him to urinate in bed while sleeping.  


• Bud goes to the mission to get a free meal. 


• Bud goes to the library to find Miss Hill.  She is not there, because she got married and moved to Chicago. 


• Bud and Bugs are reunited and decide to make their way west together by riding the trains.  


• The two boys arrive in Hooverville.  Bud meets Deza Malone and gets his first kiss.  


• Bugs gets on the train, but Bud misses it.  


• Bud decides that he is going to find his father, and Bud believes the best place to start is Grand Rapids.  


• Bud begins walking to Grand Rapids at night and is picked up on the side of the road by Lefty Lewis.  


• Lewis agrees to take Bud to Grand Rapids.


• Bud meets Herman Calloway and claims that Calloway is Bud's father.  Calloway denies it, but Bud is allowed to travel with the band.  


• Eventually Bud and Calloway do figure out that they are related.  Calloway is Bud's grandfather, and Bud finally finds the home and family that he has been missing since his mother died. 

Is the learner himself/herself a factor to be considered? And why?

I am not sure whether you mean this question from a teacher’s perspective or a student’s perspective.  I think that either way, a learner needs to be an active participant in the learning process.  Learning is not a passive affair.  Sometimes students think that all they have to do is sit back and listen to the teacher.  That is not the way at all.  Learning is about interacting with the material, and that is something that the student has to play an active role in. 

The first thing a student has to do is listen. It may seem silly, but if you aren’t paying attention in class, you are doomed.  If you are reading, you have to listen in your head, I suppose.  Basically, you have to process the information.  An active learner will take notes, and then ask questions.  You can ask questions in a notebook or out loud.  If you write your question down, you can ask it later. 

If you are talking about teachers designing lessons, learners are definitely a factor to be considered.  Obviously, a teacher cannot design a lesson for each learner.  What a teacher can do is design lessons with groups in mind and with the audience in mind.  Teachers can include pop culture references in the lesson, for example.  Teachers can also use local locations and history, people, or trends in their lessons.  This connects the classroom to the words students know, and makes things more interesting.

Differentiating lessons is also a useful tool for teachers.  That means that teachers can vary lessons based on students in the classroom by grouping students.  Some students learn faster than others, and they get a different lesson with enrichment, for example.  Other students who need more help might get review.  Differentiation allows teachers to reach everyone's needs more easily.

Where does the Author acknowledge opposing arguments?

Geoffrey Canada acknowledges opposing arguments to his own in a number of places including the Preface and chapter One. A significant reason for his illustrative stories and personal anecdotes is to underline the need and logic for the opposing arguments he presents. These are arguments such as:

• even discussion of nonviolence is grounded in "might makes right."


• complacency about social violence belies the reality of our historic times, which are "one of the most dangerous periods in our history since the Civil War."


• inner-city violence offers "not even the hope of getting out" resulting in lifelong violence and trauma: he suggests "continuing traumatic stress syndrome."


• violence in cities is not new but has changed to guns from "the fist, stick, and knife."


• guns undermine the "code of conduct" of courage that is part of learning to live "by the law of the jungle."


• parents teach their children, as he did, that fighting and hitting is wrong, until the violence is brought home--like it was to his brothers and his daughter and millions of other children--which is when parents teach their children to fight back and not to be victims, not to be fawns "amongst lion cubs."

To enlarge on his presentation of opposing arguments with one example, in laying the premise of his discussion of social violence, Canada discusses the idea that "some think violence is new." His apologetic assertion, "I'm sorry America," is that while the social rhetoric may be anti-violence, American history has been founded on violence. He uses the life's work of Martin Luther King, Jr. to show that even when we talk about nonviolence, the conversation is about violence: King was violently shot to death in the heart of an American city for protesting against anti-black violence.

I'm sorry America, but once you get past the rhetoric what we really learn is that might does make right. Poor people have just never had any might. But they want it. Oh, how they want it.

Because we live in a country that's dominated by its culture, and we all live by this culture, we have learned to absorb its values, to a greater...

Your question seems to ask what are the values of the American culture. This is an assumption based on when you write that, "we live in a country" and "we absorb its values."

This said, read the words of Thomas Jefferson on the drafting of the Bill of Rights. On this, his words were:

"[A] bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular, and what no just government should refuse."
       - Thomas Jefferson, December 20, 1787

This is the first step to understand American values. The founding generation was looking for a way to guarantee rights and liberties that will ensure "liberty and justice for all" as it is stated in the Pledge of Allegiance. Coming from a place where persecution and division were the norm, the new Americans were hungry, not just for freedom, but also for opportunities to succeed, for personal validation, and for the recognition that they went out of their way to make these goals happen.

Therefore, it is safe to say that American values, at least the original values upon which the Constitution and the Bill of Rights were drafted, are found in these historical documents and can be easily extrapolated, which we will, for your answer. These values are still summoned to this day and, interestingly enough, many people still abide by them. They are:

• Equal Opportunity (a.k.a "with liberty and justice for all")


• The right to Achievement and Success
  


• The right to material comfort


• The option for Activity and Work
  


• Practicality and Efficiency


• Progress


• Science


• Democracy and Enterprise


• Freedom

ALSO SEE: John J. Macionis (2005) Sociology. 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 66 for more information.

Why is the title of Robert Frost's poem "Mending Wall" ambiguous?

The title of "Mending Wall" is ambiguous because it has two potential meanings. A reader isn't sure if "mending wall" is a noun or an action. "Mending" could be functioning as an adjective that describes wall. For example, a wall could be red, tall, or any other number of descriptors. A mending wall might be a type of wall.  

On the other hand, the title might refer to the action of mending (fixing) a wall. As a reader reads through the poem, the title doesn't become any less ambiguous. Two neighbors do indeed actually mend a broken wall. This suggests the title is meant to be an action. As the poem's speaker contemplates the purpose of the wall, however, his neighbor states the wall is in fact a type of mending wall. It is a mending wall because "good fences make good neighbors." The wall ensures the neighbors maintain friendly attitudes.

In "The Raven" by Poe, what strange effect does the raven have on the narrator?

In Edgar Allen Poe's "The Raven," a melancholy student is visited by a raven who utters the famous, cryptic phrase, "Nevermore." Though the student reasons that the bird probably learned the phrase from a past master, he begins to act very strangely in the presence of the bird. More specifically, he begins a sort of dialogue with the raven, culminating with an inquiry about his former love, Lenore, and whether or not he will be reunited with her in the afterlife. The raven, of course, replies "Nevermore," and the student accordingly spirals into despair.

The strange effect here is that the raven's presence causes the narrator to gradually believe that the bird is a sinister omen or some kind of supernatural emissary bent on heightening his depression. In reality, the bird is probably none of those things. As the narrator himself says, it's likely that the bird learned "Nevermore" from a human and dumbly repeats the phrase without a sinister motive (or any motive at all). Though the narrator knows this fact, he continues to assume that the raven is an evil entity trying to torment him. Based on this strange, totally illogical effect, we gain an insight into the depths of the narrator's depression, and we see how, driven by despair and longing for a lost loved one, the human soul insists on needlessly torturing itself. 

What is an example of cultural invention?

Cultural inventions are things of a non-physical nature that were created by a particular culture and are passed down from generation to generation within that culture.  Cultural inventions may be a set of behaviors, a language, a legal or political system, a  belief system or even music.

An example of a cultural invention is reggae music. It is a brand of music that is indigenous to the people of Jamaica. It started in the 1960's by Jamaican Rastafarians living there. Rastafarians worship the King Haile Selassie who was made emperor of Ethiopia in 1930. Reggae music evolved thirty years later from other forms of music that had existed prior to 1960. People who spread reggae music worldwide include Bob Marley and Peter Tosh and through cultural acculturation reggae music has been incorporated into other cultures such as the hip-hop culture of African-Americans and it has also been popularized in countries such as Germany and Japan.

Why do we use iodine to stain banana cells and methylene blue to stain cheek, onion, and yeast cells?

Cell staining is highly dependent on what components you want to highlight. For example, sometimes you want to stain the entire cell. Other times, you want to emphasize a particular component like the cell wall.

Iodine is primarily used to stain starches. Since bananas are plants, this means that they have a high starch content. So this makes it ideal for viewing such cells under a microscope. Iodine is also used for Gram-staining. Gram-staining is used to distinguish between two different types of bacterial cell walls: gram-positive and gram-negative.

Methylene blue has multiple uses. Based on the types of cells named, I’m going to assume it was used to show cell division and/or meiosis. In this case, it was used to stain nuclei. It is also used to treat many medical conditions such as hypotension, malaria, and methemoglobinemia.